Neueste Publikationen https://www.idos-research.de/ Publikationen des German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS) de Neueste Publikationen https://www.idos-research.de/apple-touch-icon.png https://www.idos-research.de/ 180 180 Publikationen des German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS) TYPO3 - get.content.right http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss Tue, 17 Mar 2026 10:56:03 +0100 The ramifications of aid cuts on refugee lives: case of the Differentiated Assistance (DA) model and the Shirika Plan in Kenya https://www.idos-research.de//policy-brief/article/the-ramifications-of-aid-cuts-on-refugee-lives/ This policy brief examines the negative impacts of aid cuts on refugee self-reliance in Kenya, focusing on the implementation of the Differentiated Assistance (DA) model and the Shirika Plan. Both frameworks are rooted in the 2021 Refugee Act that promises new rights and a pathway to self-reliance. International support has failed to keep pace with the growing numbers of refugees and internally displaced persons, thus creating a financing gap between their needs and available resources. The recent US withdrawal from funding development and humanitarian programmes has only compounded this financing gap which has existed for more than a decade.
In response to this, the international community – through Agenda 2030, the Grand Bargain, the 2016 New York Declaration, and the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF) – has advocated for a shift from seeing refugees as emergencies to integrating them into the host countries’ developmental agenda. In Kenya, these policy proposals are most recently being implemented through the Shirika Plan, the Differentiated Assistance (DA) model, and development plans of refugee-hosting counties such as Turkana and Garissa. First, the Shirika Plan is a government-led initiative that was proclaimed in 2023 to realise the socio-economic inclusion of refugees within the local context in line with the progressive provisions of the Refugee Act of 2021. Implementation of this policy is yet to begin as it is pegged on elusive donor funding. Second, the DA model is led by the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the World Food Programme (WFP) and is aligned with the Shirika Plan. The preparatory activities for DA were undertaken throughout 2024 and implementation commenced in August 2025. DA seeks to increase refugee self-reliance through livelihood interventions and providing support based on the specific needs and capabilities of different refugee households as opposed to the previous blanket support that was based on refugee registration status. However, implementation has so far only focussed on reducing aid, without corresponding investment in self-reliance measures.
DA and the Shirika Plan are framed in government and international circles as solutions for addressing funding shortfalls and fostering refugee integration by supporting self-reliance. However, there has been little progress in enhancing refugee self-reliance. At the same time, aid cuts are implemented based on a needs-categorisation of refugee households that proceeds without adequate background information. The lack of alternative livelihoods has exacerbated vulnerabilities and has sparked protests in refugee camps. Emerging evidence points to negative coping mechanisms, including higher school drop-out rates; reported cases of youths joining criminal religious groups; increased conflicts at family level; and rising cases of women becoming sex workers. This Policy Brief highlights the emerging ramifications of implementing DA that is anchored in the provisions contained in the Shirika Plan. The Brief also goes further to suggest recommendations for action to the government of Kenya and the international community.
Key policy messages:
• There is a need to enhance synergy between UNHCR and the Kenyan government such that the state implements the Shirika Plan alongside DA without premising its implementation on donor aid.
• UNHCR needs to obtain more extensive household economic data and involve refugees in deciding who is most vulnerable to more accurately disaggregate refugee households into appropriate categories.
• The Kenyan government and international actors need to closely monitor and address potential nega-tive implications of implementing DA and the Shirika Plan.

Fred Ikanda is a Senior Lecturer in the department of Sociology and Anthropology, Maseno University, Kenya, and associated researcher at IDOS.
Michael Owiso is Director, Odera Akang’o Campus, and Dean, School of Development and Strategic Studies, Maseno University, Kenya, as well as associated researcher at IDOS.

]]> Policy Brief Tue, 17 Mar 2026 10:56:03 +0100 Biodiversity and the future creditworthiness of nations https://www.idos-research.de//externe-publikationen/article/default-a550148599/ Climate change, biodiversity loss, and deforestation present increasingly material financial risks. Yet, whilst macroeconomic studies on biodiversity often value natural capital and ecosystem services to human wellbeing, they do not quantify risks to financial assets. Sovereign debt is the means through which countries invest in themselves, yet continued environmental degradation undermines economic performance making this type of debt riskier and costlier, ultimately reducing the ability of nations to invest in nature or endure shocks. The primary indicator of national creditworthiness – sovereign credit ratings – currently omit biodiversity and other nature-related risks, meaning financial markets may be mispricing, mismanaging, and misallocating $71 trillion of financial assets, with direct implications for both the natural environment and public investment and global financial stability. We directly incorporate biodiversity and nature-related risks into assessments of sovereign creditworthiness. We extend S&P Global’s sovereign ratings methodology to assess creditworthiness of 23 nations under a range of scenarios relating to changes in tropical timber production, wild pollination services, and marine fisheries. Although seemingly a small sample of nations, these countries have a collective population of 5.5 billion people. We find that a partial ecosystem collapse scenario increases the annual debt payment faced by India and China by $49bn and $70bn, respectively. This is equivalent to 2.4% of the median Indian’s annual after-tax income. Across the sample, the additional annual interest burden could reach $162bn, nearly reaching the $200bn/yr target for conservation support under the Global Biodiversity Framework. Some countries, such as Angola, Bangladesh, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Madagascar, could face GDP losses of more than 15% by 2030. Climate change, biodiversity loss, and deforestation present increasingly material financial risks. Yet, whilst macroeconomic studies on biodiversity often value natural capital and ecosystem services to human wellbeing, they do not quantify risks to financial assets. Sovereign debt is the means through which countries invest in themselves, yet continued environmental degradation undermines economic performance making this type of debt riskier and costlier, ultimately reducing the ability of nations to invest in nature or endure shocks. The primary indicator of national creditworthiness – sovereign credit ratings – currently omit biodiversity and other nature-related risks, meaning financial markets may be mispricing, mismanaging, and misallocating $71 trillion of financial assets, with direct implications for both the natural environment and public investment and global financial stability. We directly incorporate biodiversity and nature-related risks into assessments of sovereign creditworthiness. We extend S&P Global’s sovereign ratings methodology to assess creditworthiness of 23 nations under a range of scenarios relating to changes in tropical timber production, wild pollination services, and marine fisheries. Although seemingly a small sample of nations, these countries have a collective population of 5.5 billion people. We find that a partial ecosystem collapse scenario increases the annual debt payment faced by India and China by $49bn and $70bn, respectively. This is equivalent to 2.4% of the median Indian’s annual after-tax income. Across the sample, the additional annual interest burden could reach $162bn, nearly reaching the $200bn/yr target for conservation support under the Global Biodiversity Framework. Some countries, such as Angola, Bangladesh, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Madagascar, could face GDP losses of more than 15% by 2030.

]]> Externe Publikationen Mon, 16 Mar 2026 09:18:15 +0100 Gerechte Wasserversorgung als Entwicklungsziel https://www.idos-research.de//die-aktuelle-kolumne/article/gerechte-wasserversorgung-als-entwicklungsziel/ Ein besseres Wassermanagement für und mit Frauen verbessert Gesundheit, Bildung und Wirtschaft für alle. Die Chancen liegen auf der Hand. Bonn, 16. März 2026. Ein besseres Wassermanagement für und mit Frauen verbessert Gesundheit, Bildung und Wirtschaft für alle. Die Chancen liegen auf der Hand.

Wer in München, Mailand oder Marrakesch einen Wasserhahn aufdreht, bekommt fließendes Wasser – sauber und sofort verfügbar für alle. Doch bei der Wasserversorgung geht es nicht nur um technische Fragen von Rohren und Rechnungen. Wasser ist auch politische und wirtschaftliche Macht – und diese Macht ist ungleich verteilt. Es geht darum, wer entscheidet, wer profitiert und wer leer ausgeht. 

Frauen sind von Wasserproblemen durch Dürren, Überschwemmungen oder fehlende Wasseraufbereitung besonders stark betroffen. Die Ursachen dafür sind die ungleiche Aufgabenverteilung zwischen den Geschlechtern ebenso wie Infrastruktur, die nicht dem Bedarf der Frauen gerecht wird.  Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt der UN-Weltwassertag 2026 das Thema Wasser und Geschlecht in den Mittelpunkt, unter dem Motto „Wo Wasser fließt, wächst Gleichberechtigung“. Das Bewusstsein für diesen Zusammenhang nimmt zu: 76 % der nationalen Politiken rund um Wasser, Sanitäranlagen und Hygiene umfassen Maßnahmen für Frauen und Mädchen. Doch es mangelt an der Umsetzung: Nicht einmal jedes zweite Land misst und meldet Fortschritte, und nur 27 % der Staaten leiten entsprechende Mittel direkt an Frauen und Mädchen weiter. Vielerorts hängt der Zugang zu Wasser für Sanitärversorgung, Hygiene und Landwirtschaft noch immer vom Geschlecht ab – dabei würde eine gerechte Verteilung wichtige Entwicklungschancen für alle erschließen. Dazu braucht es ein Bewusstsein für Machtstrukturen – und den Willen, sie zu verändern.

Gleichberechtigung kann nicht bestehen, solange es in sieben von zehn Haushalten ohne Wasseranschluss hauptsächlich Frauen und Mädchen sind, die Wasser holen. Dafür zahlen sie einen hohen Preis: versäumter Schulunterricht, körperliche Belastung und tägliche Belästigung oder sogar sexuelle Erpressung. Auch Entwicklung lässt sich nicht realisieren, wenn weltweit 156 Millionen Mädchen im Alter von 10 bis 19 Jahren noch immer keinen Zugang zu grundlegender Hygiene haben, was ihre Gesundheit, Würde und Bildung beeinträchtigt.

Wassergerechtigkeit ermöglichen
Echter Fortschritt erfordert drei Dinge: die Anerkennung der Rolle und Bedürfnisse von Frauen in Wasserwirtschaft und Landwirtschaft, Investitionen in geschlechtersensible Infrastruktur sowie wirksame Entscheidungsmacht für Frauen im Wassermanagement.

In weiten Teilen der Welt ist das Wassermanagement aus der Not heraus weiblicher geworden – mit spürbaren Folgen. Während Männer in die Städte abwandern, übernehmen Frauen zunehmend Bewässerungsaufgaben, halten dörfliche Wasserstellen instand und sichern auch in Dürre- und Hochwasserperioden den Gemeindezusammenhalt. Mit mehr Unterstützung könnten sie diese Situation als Chance nutzen, statt lediglich die Last dieser Entwicklungen zu tragen. So schafft der Zugang zu Bewässerungsanlagen und Agrarland für Frauen zusätzliche Einkommen, verbessert die Ernährungssicherheit und ermöglicht die Gründung weiblicher Genossenschaften. In Marokko und anderen Ländern fördern solche Agrargenossenschaften kollektives Handeln – von wirtschaftlicher Zusammenarbeit über Vernetzung, Wissensaustausch bis hin zu Bildungsangeboten und Maßnahmen gegen geschlechtsspezifische Gewalt.

Eine weitere Voraussetzung für Wassergerechtigkeit ist geschlechtersensible (Wasser-)Infrastruktur: Sanitäreinrichtungen in Schulen, ein sicherer häuslicher Wasserzugang und angemessene Arbeitsbedingungen an Baustellen und Betriebsstätten der Wasserinfrastruktur. Gendersensible Wasserinfrastruktur verbessert die Bildung, Gesundheit, Beschäftigung und Sicherheit. So erhöhen sichere Sanitäranlagen in Schulen die Anwesenheitsquote von Mädchen. Im westlichen Rajasthan ersparen Tankwagenlieferungen Frauen kilometerlange Wege zum Wasserholen. In Bangladesch und anderen Ländern haben häusliche Leitungsanschlüsse und wohnortnahe Brunnen dazu beigetragen, dass Frauen beim Wasserholen seltener belästigt werden. Und sichere Arbeitsbedingungen haben die Einbindung von Ingenieurinnen und Arbeiterinnen gefördert, wie Erfahrungen aus Dammbauprojekten in Marokko belegen.

Mehr weibliche Führungskräfte, bessere Wasserversorgung
Schließlich stellt sich die Frage, wer Entscheidungen trifft.  Frauen sind von der Wasserbewirtschaftung noch immer weitgehend ausgeschlossen und haben kaum Mitsprache bei der Kontrolle und Verwaltung dieser Ressource und der Infrastruktur, oder bei Entscheidungen über den Wasserzugang. 2023 verfügten 15 % aller Länder nicht über Mechanismen, die die Beteiligung von Frauen am Wassermanagement sicherstellen, und Frauen hatten nur 26 % der Führungspositionen in untersuchten Wasserorganisationen inne. Dabei verbessert die Partizipation von Frauen die Leistung von Wassersystemen in betrieblicher Hinsicht (Instandhaltung, Bewässerungseffizienz, Wasserreinheit) und wirkt sich positiv auf Gesundheit, Ernährung, Bildung, wirtschaftliche Chancen und Umweltbewusstsein aus. In Frauen, die an der Wasserversorgung beteiligt sind, zu investieren, ist daher keine soziale Gefälligkeit – es ist schlicht wirksame Entwicklungspolitik.

Gerechte Wasserversorgung ermöglicht Entwicklung für alle – denn es geht nicht nur um Rohre und Rechnungen, sondern darum, wer entscheidet, wer profitiert und wer leer ausgeht.

 

 

Dies ist eine Kolumne des Bonn Water Network, dem die Autorinnen angehören:

Dr. Annabelle Houdret ist Politikwissenschaftlerin und wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin in der Forschungsabteilung "Umwelt-Governance“ des German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS) in Bonn.

Prof. Dr. Anindita Sarkar ist Professorin am Department of Geography des Miranda House, University of Delhi, und wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin in der Forschungsabteilung „Ökologie und Management natürlicher Ressourcen“ am Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung (ZEF) der Universität Bonn.
 

 

]]> Die aktuelle Kolumne Mon, 16 Mar 2026 09:17:27 +0100 Entwicklungspolitik: Welche Reformen notwendig sind https://www.idos-research.de//externe-publikationen/article/entwicklungspolitik-welche-reformen-notwendig-sind/ Das Bundesentwicklungsministerium muss sich wandeln – es hat in dieser Legislaturperiode vielleicht zum letzten Mal die Chance, seine Arbeit als zukunftsfähiges und eigenständiges Politikfeld zu erhalten. Das Bundesentwicklungsministerium muss sich wandeln – es hat in dieser Legislaturperiode vielleicht zum letzten Mal die Chance, seine Arbeit als zukunftsfähiges und eigenständiges Politikfeld zu erhalten.

]]> Externe Publikationen Mon, 16 Mar 2026 08:51:55 +0100 Beyond the wage channel: climate-smart public works programmes and household resilience in Malawi https://www.idos-research.de//discussion-paper/article/beyond-the-wage-channel-climate-smart-public-works-programmes-and-household-resilience-in-malawi/ Using qualitative data, the paper shows that the assets created through Malawi’s new Public Works Programme foster households' resilience to climate shocks. In particular, land-based assets such as swales already provide multiple benefits in the short run, which extend beyond programme participants. One of the main arguments for implementing public works programmes (PWPs) instead of other social protection schemes such as cash transfers is that the assets created through these programmes themselves can generate medium- to long-term benefits. This is particularly important as the costs for supervision and the construction materials can account for up to 70 per cent of programme budgets. Despite this, there is scarce empirical evidence on PWPs’ effects through the “asset channel”: indeed; most studies have focused solely on the traditional “wage channel”. To bridge this gap, this paper examines whether and how assets created under Malawi’s Climate-Smart Enhanced Public Works Programme (CS-EPWP) – a programme recently implemented by the government of Malawi and funded by the World Bank – strengthen the resilience of households to climate shocks such as droughts and floods. The paper relies on case study analysis using primary qualitative data based on focus group discussions and key informant interviews with different stakeholders at the national, district and community levels. Interviews were conducted during fieldwork in September 2024 in two southern districts of Malawi highly affected by climate change. The analysis is complemented by site visits and quantitative survey data on asset quality. By combining these methods, we find that the CS-EPWP generates durable, community-maintained assets, which in turn enhance households’ capacity to cope with and adapt to climate shocks. In particular, land-based assets provide multiple benefits for both households and communities, while forest-based interventions are expected to generate similar long-term gains, though further research is needed to confirm their (long-term) impacts. To maximise the impact of climate-smart public works programmes, policymakers and donors should align asset creation with climate objectives and adopt participatory approaches to ensure their relevance, maintenance and long-term sustainability.

Sophia Schubert is an independent researcher.
Dr Donald Makoka is a Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for Agricultural Research and Development (CARD) of the Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR) in Malawi.

]]> Discussion Paper Fri, 13 Mar 2026 10:43:44 +0100 Powerful but dysfunctional? The Group of 77 and UN multilateralism https://www.idos-research.de//externe-publikationen/article/powerful-but-dysfunctional-the-group-of-77-and-un-multilateralism/ The G77 represents the Global South in the United Nations (UN). It holds a two-thirds majority and exercises significant influence in the General Assembly, while also being party to North–South tensions in the UN. Nearly all intergovernmental processes at the General Assembly, particularly those related to economic and financial issues, are marked by protracted and frustrating negotiations that affect the UN’s ability to develop solutions to global challenges. Despite its influence in the General Assembly, little is known about the G77’s internal processes. This article addresses this gap by examining the group’s decision making and how it shapes multilateral negotiations and outcomes in the General Assembly. It introduces an ideal-type model of intra-group interest aggregation and assesses how this function unfolds in the G77 and with what effects on UN negotiations. Drawing on group politics literature and interviews with UN delegates, the article demonstrates that while the G77 can leverage its numerical strength, there are noteworthy deficits in the group’s function of aggregating interests. Specifically, the limited inclusiveness in the group’s decision making, the dominance of a few members and the lack of informed input can undermine effective multilateralism and reinforce North–South tensions. The G77 represents the Global South in the United Nations (UN). It holds a two-thirds majority and exercises significant influence in the General Assembly, while also being party to North–South tensions in the UN. Nearly all intergovernmental processes at the General Assembly, particularly those related to economic and financial issues, are marked by protracted and frustrating negotiations that affect the UN’s ability to develop solutions to global challenges. Despite its influence in the General Assembly, little is known about the G77’s internal processes. This article addresses this gap by examining the group’s decision making and how it shapes multilateral negotiations and outcomes in the General Assembly. It introduces an ideal-type model of intra-group interest aggregation and assesses how this function unfolds in the G77 and with what effects on UN negotiations. Drawing on group politics literature and interviews with UN delegates, the article demonstrates that while the G77 can leverage its numerical strength, there are noteworthy deficits in the group’s function of aggregating interests. Specifically, the limited inclusiveness in the group’s decision making, the dominance of a few members and the lack of informed input can undermine effective multilateralism and reinforce North–South tensions.

]]> Externe Publikationen Thu, 12 Mar 2026 15:13:35 +0100 New rationalities, inner logic, and hope for sustainable future coasts https://www.idos-research.de//externe-publikationen/article/new-rationalities-inner-logic-and-hope-for-sustainable-future-coasts/ In the coastal zone, the triple planetary crisis manifests as accelerating losses and changes and increasing challenges and risks for people and livelihoods. Acceptance of a future existential crisis compels the urgency of corrective action to cause an inverse positive societal response to bend the negative trajectories of loss and damage. The rate and extent of corrective societal action (policies, laws, practices, knowledge, etc.) should at least keep pace with the projected rate of loss and environmental degradation. This urgency and acceleration of action are major societal challenges, especially considering the overwhelming evidence of impacts. In this paper, we offer three propositions for accelerating urgent actions and fostering innovation in coastal research and management, focusing on emerging trends and foundational changes. Scientists need to (1) reflect on the performativity of their research and perceptions of neutrality in anticipating the future of coasts; (2) think and act equitably in local and global partnerships; and (3) improve their engagement and willingness to innovate with society. This is not a call for linear or incremental change, but a call for the radical. The relationship between society and science drives progress and shapes our collective future. In the coastal zone, the triple planetary crisis manifests as accelerating losses and changes and increasing challenges and risks for people and livelihoods. Acceptance of a future existential crisis compels the urgency of corrective action to cause an inverse positive societal response to bend the negative trajectories of loss and damage. The rate and extent of corrective societal action (policies, laws, practices, knowledge, etc.) should at least keep pace with the projected rate of loss and environmental degradation. This urgency and acceleration of action are major societal challenges, especially considering the overwhelming evidence of impacts. In this paper, we offer three propositions for accelerating urgent actions and fostering innovation in coastal research and management, focusing on emerging trends and foundational changes. Scientists need to (1) reflect on the performativity of their research and perceptions of neutrality in anticipating the future of coasts; (2) think and act equitably in local and global partnerships; and (3) improve their engagement and willingness to innovate with society. This is not a call for linear or incremental change, but a call for the radical. The relationship between society and science drives progress and shapes our collective future.

]]> Externe Publikationen Thu, 12 Mar 2026 14:24:41 +0100 Welt ohne Zentrum: wie Deutschland umdenken muss https://www.idos-research.de//externe-publikationen/article/welt-ohne-zentrum-wie-deutschland-umdenken-muss/ Deutschland stellt sich thematisch zu breit auf in einer sich neu ausrichtenden Weltordnung. Das zeigt sich besonders in der Entwicklungspolitik, die als Instrument deutscher Außenpolitik und internationaler Zusammenarbeit dort eingesetzt werden sollte, wo Wirkung realistisch nachgewiesen ist. Deutschland stellt sich thematisch zu breit auf in einer sich neu ausrichtenden Weltordnung. Das zeigt sich besonders in der Entwicklungspolitik, die als Instrument deutscher Außenpolitik und internationaler Zusammenarbeit dort eingesetzt werden sollte, wo Wirkung realistisch nachgewiesen ist.

]]> Externe Publikationen Thu, 12 Mar 2026 12:01:54 +0100 A world without a center: how Germany must rethink its approach https://www.idos-research.de//externe-publikationen/article/a-world-without-a-center-how-germany-must-rethink-its-approach/ Germany is spreading itself too thinly across too many issues in a world order that is undergoing realignment. This is particularly evident in development policy, which, as an instrument of German foreign policy and international cooperation, should be used where its effectiveness has been realistically proven. Germany is spreading itself too thinly across too many issues in a world order that is undergoing realignment. This is particularly evident in development policy, which, as an instrument of German foreign policy and international cooperation, should be used where its effectiveness has been realistically proven.

]]> Externe Publikationen Thu, 12 Mar 2026 11:59:13 +0100 Policies for accelerating sustainability transitions: bridging insights from transition studies and policy studies https://www.idos-research.de//externe-publikationen/article/policies-for-accelerating-sustainability-transitions-bridging-insights-from-transition-studies-and-policy-studies/ Pressing environmental and societal challenges, such as the climate crisis and social inequality, demand policy interventions to steer and accelerate sustainability transitions. This chapter highlights four key intervention areas: providing direction to transitions (directionality), fostering innovation (niche support), phasing out unsustainable practices (regime destabilisation), and coordinating transition processes (coordination). We outline their theoretical rationale in transition studies and offer interdisciplinary insights from policy research. Based on a comprehensive literature review, we present 15 concrete policy interventions to transform production and consumption systems. Evaluating these interventions with empirical findings from leading transition journals, we highlight research opportunities at the intersection of public policy and sustainability transitions. Given the resistance and contestation around transformational policies, we aim to foster interdisciplinary exchange on how to accelerate sustainability transitions. Pressing environmental and societal challenges, such as the climate crisis and social inequality, demand policy interventions to steer and accelerate sustainability transitions. This chapter highlights four key intervention areas: providing direction to transitions (directionality), fostering innovation (niche support), phasing out unsustainable practices (regime destabilisation), and coordinating transition processes (coordination). We outline their theoretical rationale in transition studies and offer interdisciplinary insights from policy research. Based on a comprehensive literature review, we present 15 concrete policy interventions to transform production and consumption systems. Evaluating these interventions with empirical findings from leading transition journals, we highlight research opportunities at the intersection of public policy and sustainability transitions. Given the resistance and contestation around transformational policies, we aim to foster interdisciplinary exchange on how to accelerate sustainability transitions.

]]> Externe Publikationen Thu, 12 Mar 2026 01:57:48 +0100 Unveiling the Weave: social cohesion in African post-colonial state- and nation-building https://www.idos-research.de//externe-publikationen/article/unveiling-the-weave-social-cohesion-in-african-post-colonial-state-and-nation-building/ This chapter explores the role of social cohesion in African post-colonial state- and nation-building. It argues that understandings of social cohesion, rooted in pre-colonial traditions and concepts, were central to political and intellectual debates during decolonization in the 1960s and remain relevant today. Drawing on ethnophilosophical sources, such as oral traditions, proverbs, and communal practices, as well as social theories of African humanism and socialism, this chapter identifies core African notions of interconnectedness, collective responsibility, and the common good. Concepts including ubuntu, ujamaa, harambee, and other local philosophies illustrate how interdependence, identity, lineage, and community well-being shaped both traditional societies and post-independence political visions. African leaders and intellectuals invoked these ideas to legitimize distinctive paths of development, often contrasting them with Western models of statehood and individualism. At the same time, tensions arose between local, national, and pan-African identities, and between communal ideals and the practicalities of mass societies. By situating these debates historically and conceptually, this chapter demonstrates that social cohesion has been a constitutive element of African state- and nation-building and offers insights into contemporary challenges of inclusion, identity, and unity across diverse societies. This chapter explores the role of social cohesion in African post-colonial state- and nation-building. It argues that understandings of social cohesion, rooted in pre-colonial traditions and concepts, were central to political and intellectual debates during decolonization in the 1960s and remain relevant today. Drawing on ethnophilosophical sources, such as oral traditions, proverbs, and communal practices, as well as social theories of African humanism and socialism, this chapter identifies core African notions of interconnectedness, collective responsibility, and the common good. Concepts including ubuntu, ujamaa, harambee, and other local philosophies illustrate how interdependence, identity, lineage, and community well-being shaped both traditional societies and post-independence political visions. African leaders and intellectuals invoked these ideas to legitimize distinctive paths of development, often contrasting them with Western models of statehood and individualism. At the same time, tensions arose between local, national, and pan-African identities, and between communal ideals and the practicalities of mass societies. By situating these debates historically and conceptually, this chapter demonstrates that social cohesion has been a constitutive element of African state- and nation-building and offers insights into contemporary challenges of inclusion, identity, and unity across diverse societies.

]]> Externe Publikationen Wed, 11 Mar 2026 15:02:55 +0100 Inequality and social cohesion in Africa https://www.idos-research.de//externe-publikationen/article/inequality-and-social-cohesion-in-africa/ This paper analyses both theoretically and empirically, the relationship between inequality and social cohesion, where social cohesion is conceptualized as a multi-faceted phenomenon encompassing three core attributes: trust, inclusive identity and cooperation for the common good. These attributes operate along two dimensions: the horizontal and the vertical dimension. First, it provides an overview of the empirical evidence regarding the relationship between inequality and the three attributes of social cohesion. While inequality is likely to have a negative effect on all three attributes, the intensity of the relationship may depend on some key mediating factors. The empirical analysis focuses on Africa, given the scarce evidence for this continent. As expected, it shows that countries with higher income inequality usually have lower levels of social cohesion, measured by an aggregate index. This negative correlation holds when the three attributes of social cohesion are examined separately; however, the intensity varies. It is stronger for trust than for identity and cooperation. Further analysis indicates that a clear negative relationship between inequality and social cohesion attributes is visible only when the focus is on the horizontal dimension of social cohesion. This paper analyses both theoretically and empirically, the relationship between inequality and social cohesion, where social cohesion is conceptualized as a multi-faceted phenomenon encompassing three core attributes: trust, inclusive identity and cooperation for the common good. These attributes operate along two dimensions: the horizontal and the vertical dimension. First, it provides an overview of the empirical evidence regarding the relationship between inequality and the three attributes of social cohesion. While inequality is likely to have a negative effect on all three attributes, the intensity of the relationship may depend on some key mediating factors. The empirical analysis focuses on Africa, given the scarce evidence for this continent. As expected, it shows that countries with higher income inequality usually have lower levels of social cohesion, measured by an aggregate index. This negative correlation holds when the three attributes of social cohesion are examined separately; however, the intensity varies. It is stronger for trust than for identity and cooperation. Further analysis indicates that a clear negative relationship between inequality and social cohesion attributes is visible only when the focus is on the horizontal dimension of social cohesion.

]]> Externe Publikationen Wed, 11 Mar 2026 14:00:28 +0100 Humanitäre Hilfe https://www.idos-research.de//externe-publikationen/article/humanitaere-hilfe-1/ Die humanitäre Hilfe ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil des auswärtigen Handelns der Europäischen Union (EU). Seit den 1990er-Jahren wurde sie schrittweise weiterentwickelt und mit dem Vertrag von Lissabon (2009) fest im EU-Vertragswerk verankert. Mit der Generaldirektion Europäischer Katastrophenschutz und humanitäre Hilfe (GD ECHO) existiert eine eigene Institution, die für das Politikfeld zuständig ist. Sie unterhält ein weltweites Netzwerk von Expert:innen, welche die Umsetzung der humanitären Hilfe in Kooperation mit Partnerorganisationen wie den Vereinten Nationen und NGOs koordinieren. Die Unabhängigkeit der humanitären Hilfe von der Außenpolitik ist ein wichtiges Prinzip des humanitären Völkerrechts. Gleichzeitig gibt es vonseiten der EU aber auch Bestrebungen, die humanitäre Hilfe stärker mit anderen Bereichen der Außenpolitik zu verzahnen. Inwiefern dies gelingt, wird sich in den kommenden Jahren zeigen. Die humanitäre Hilfe ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil des auswärtigen Handelns der Europäischen Union (EU). Seit den 1990er-Jahren wurde sie schrittweise weiterentwickelt und mit dem Vertrag von Lissabon (2009) fest im EU-Vertragswerk verankert. Mit der Generaldirektion Europäischer Katastrophenschutz und humanitäre Hilfe (GD ECHO) existiert eine eigene Institution, die für das Politikfeld zuständig ist. Sie unterhält ein weltweites Netzwerk von Expert:innen, welche die Umsetzung der humanitären Hilfe in Kooperation mit Partnerorganisationen wie den Vereinten Nationen und NGOs koordinieren. Die Unabhängigkeit der humanitären Hilfe von der Außenpolitik ist ein wichtiges Prinzip des humanitären Völkerrechts. Gleichzeitig gibt es vonseiten der EU aber auch Bestrebungen, die humanitäre Hilfe stärker mit anderen Bereichen der Außenpolitik zu verzahnen. Inwiefern dies gelingt, wird sich in den kommenden Jahren zeigen.

]]> Externe Publikationen Wed, 11 Mar 2026 12:05:42 +0100 Frieden und Entwicklung https://www.idos-research.de//externe-publikationen/article/frieden-und-entwicklung-1/ Das Kapitel analysiert die wechselseitige, jedoch nicht deterministische Beziehung von Frieden und Entwicklung. Defizite in der Entwicklung erhöhen Konfliktpotenziale, während Gewalt Fortschritte rückgängig macht. Frieden führt jedoch nicht automatisch zu hohem Entwicklungsniveau, ebenso wenig garantiert Entwicklung dauerhafte Stabilität. Zentrale Faktoren sind inklusive Institutionen sowie Gleichheit. Die viele Jahrzehnte währende Programmatik, Frieden und Entwicklung gemeinsam zu denken, verliert an Bedeutung. An ihre Stelle treten sicherheits- und verteidigungspolitische Prioritäten. Das Kapitel analysiert die wechselseitige, jedoch nicht deterministische Beziehung von Frieden und Entwicklung. Defizite in der Entwicklung erhöhen Konfliktpotenziale, während Gewalt Fortschritte rückgängig macht. Frieden führt jedoch nicht automatisch zu hohem Entwicklungsniveau, ebenso wenig garantiert Entwicklung dauerhafte Stabilität. Zentrale Faktoren sind inklusive Institutionen sowie Gleichheit. Die viele Jahrzehnte währende Programmatik, Frieden und Entwicklung gemeinsam zu denken, verliert an Bedeutung. An ihre Stelle treten sicherheits- und verteidigungspolitische Prioritäten.

]]> Externe Publikationen Tue, 10 Mar 2026 12:12:05 +0100 Beyond projects: the role of development partners in institutionalising renewable energy innovations: lessons from the Global South https://www.idos-research.de//policy-brief/article/beyond-projects-the-role-of-development-partners-in-institutionalising-renewable-energy-innovations-lessons-from-the-global-south/ Institutionalising climate change mitigation efforts remains a challenge in post-Paris Agreement climate governance. This policy brief synthesises policy-relevant findings on the institutionalisation of solar energy in Brazil, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, and South Africa. Renewable energy has seen rapid uptake, particularly in the Global South. Solar energy projects have boomed in recent years, but uptake by countries is uneven. Beyond geophysical conditions, technological innovation, market dynamics and donor-driven “lighthouse projects”, political institutionalisation has played a critical role in decarbonisation. In this policy brief, which is based on extensive research from Global South case studies, we argue that political institutionalisation is key to determining whether and how innovative solar initiatives become stabilised, scaled up, and mainstreamed.
Drawing on the research project Institutionalizing Low Carbon Development in the Global South (INLOCADE) and expert contributions from a follow-up IDOS workshop, this policy brief synthesises comparative policy-relevant findings on how institutionalisation unfolds in various emerging economies of the Global South, including Brazil, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia and South Africa.
Key messages:
• Political institutionalisation – understood here as an enduring change of formal and informal rules and practices towards low-carbon development – is essential for making renewable energy projects sustainable by embedding them in conducive, stable governance frameworks. Isolated, donor-driven initiatives are at risk of provoking resistance and backlash, and of fading away once external support ends.
• Multiple pathways for institutionalisation exist. State leadership, subnational action, alliances between development partners and communities,
and crisis-driven coalitions can enable institutionalisation under different conditions. Policies should be tailored to the institutional realities of each context rather than using one-size-fits-all models. Similarly, development partners should assess local realities and adapt their strategies accordingly.
• Distributive justice and participation must be actively supported. Political institutionalisation can lead to inequitable outcomes and reinforce exclusionary practices. Development partners should take a proactive role by aligning their interventions with inclusive and equitable approaches to ensure support for marginalised groups leads to socially just transitions, not just box-ticking.
• Crises can be opportunities. Energy shortages and climate shocks can disrupt fossil-fuel lock-ins and open the door to innovation. Development partners need flexible instruments and strategies to help translate crisis-driven experiments into durable institutional change.
• Development partners are catalytic, not deci-sive. They can accelerate change by providing finance, technical expertise, and legitimacy, especially when working with domestic actors beyond national governments. German and EU development cooperation should place greater emphasis on strengthening domestic institutional enviro-ments, including regulatory stability, administrative capacity, and actor coalitions that embed projects in lasting policy and organisational change. This helps ensure donor interventions contribute to sustained low-carbon transitions beyond initial project cycles.

Dr Joshua Philipp Elsässer is a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Centre for Environment, Economy and Energy (C3E) of the Brussels School of Governance.
Prof em. Dr Harald Fuhr is a Professor Emeritus of International Politics at the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences at the University of Potsdam.
Anna Fünfgeld is a Postdoctoral Researcher at the University of Hamburg; Mercator Professorship for Sociology.
Prof Dr Markus Lederer is a Professor of International Relations at the Technical University of Darmstadt.
Dr Jens Marquardt is a Research Associate in the Research Group “International Relations” at the Technical University of Darmstadt.
Dr HyunAh Yi is a Senior Researcher at the Institute of Comparative Governance, Korea University, and an Associate Researcher at the German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS).

 

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