External publications

A change in thinking: new pathways for citywide inclusive sanitation in Nakuru County, Kenya

Saravanan V. Subramanian, Pireh Hezekiah, Moses Onyango, Simon Okoth
External Publications (2026)

in: Water International, first published 16.01.2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2025.2606637
Open access

Despite citywide inclusive sanitation (CWIS) being a well conceived, sector-specific policy concept, it often struggles due to the linear mindset of development agencies. Based on various research methods, this study examined challenges in the operationalization of CWIS in Nakuru County, Kenya. The findings suggest that CWIS faces challenges from different service regimes that have multiple providers, different institutional arrangements, and diverse technologies. This study calls for a shift in the mindset of development agencies from linear to spherical thinking in sanitation governance.