Subsidy reforms in the Middle East and North Africa: strategic options and their consequences for the social contract
Vidican Auktor, Georgeta / Markus Loewe (2021)
Discussion Paper 12/2021
Budgetary constraints forced Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia to reduce energy and food subsidy after 2010 but they applied different strategies, thereby transforming their existing, quite akin social contracts into different new ones delivering more protection, provision or participation for citizens.